There are two types of instrument, either a single wavelength light source or a selector for a single wavelength. The light from the lamp is dispersed before reaching the sample cell.
A scanning double beam instrument measures both the transmittance of the sample and solvent at each wavelength simultaneously and computes the ratio. The light from the lamp is dispersed before reaching the sample cell.
In non-scanning array-detectors, all wavelengths pass through the sample and the dispersing element is between the sample and the array detector. This allows the detector to simultaneously record the transmitted light power at multiple wavelengths.
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A photomultiplier tube, useful for light detection of very weak signals, is a photo emissive device in which the absorption of a photon results in the emission of an electron. These detectors work by amplifying the electrons generated by a photo cathode exposed to a photon flux.
A CCD chip is an array of light-sensitive elements; which are, in fact, some small electronic capacitors. These capacitors are charged by the electrons generated by the light. In fact, each light element (commonly called photon), that reaches the CCD array's atoms, displaces some electrons, which are providing a current source. These current sources, are localized in small delimited areas (the capacitors), called pixels.
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Spectral resolution is a measure of the narrowest spectral feature that can be resolved by a spectrometer. One of the more common ways to characterize spectral resolution is to determine the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an instrument's response to a monochromatic signal.
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Transmittance is the ratio of the radiant power transmitted by a sample to the radiant power transmitted by a blank in an equivalent cell or by some other means of compensation for solvent absorption, reflection losses, etc.
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Absorbance is the measure of concentration of material present: negative log (base 10) of Transmittance [- log 1/ T] of product of extinction coefficient, path length, and concentration, written as A = e bc.
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Reflectance is the ratio of the radiant energy reflected by a body to the energy incident on it. Spectral reflectance is the reflectance measured within a specific wavelength interval.
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The panel uses digital keypads or menus for programming.
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Serial interfaces can be ports, or interfaces that can be used for serial communication, in which only one bit is transferred at a time. Examples include RS232, RS422, RS485, USB etc.
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No integral display. Output is read and displayed remotely.
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Portable spectrometers are modular devices that are designed for ease of transport and assembly. Rugged enclosures, PC interfaces, and customizable software packages are common features for the portable device.
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This is the full required range of ambient operating temperature.
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