Mounted or fixtured in place for long-running use.
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Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary application.
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Column temperature must be controlled within tenths of a degree. The optimum column temperature is dependent upon the boiling point of the sample. Generally: The higher the temperature the shorter the retention time.
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The pressure range of the gas entering from the chromatographic column.
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Injection Operation
A sample is introduced into the heated injector, where it is vaporized and carried on to the column via a liquid or gas syringe, liquid or gas valve, concentrator, purge & trap, etc.
For optimum column efficiency, the sample should not be too large, and should be introduced onto the column as a "plug" of vapor, slow injection of large samples causes band broadening and loss of resolution.
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Commonly used carrier gases include: nitrogen, helium, argon, and carbon dioxide. The choice of carrier gas is often dependent upon the type of detector which is used.
This injector has another set of gas lines out, it is another path that the vaporized sample can take. This extra line is called the split line or vent. The amount of gas that exits the split line controls the amount of sample that enters the column.
All samples enter the column, including the gaseous sample, the solvent, and the analyte. May also be called a direct or flash injector.
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A TCD consists of an electrically heated wire or thermistor. The temperature of the sensing element depends on the thermal conductivity of the gas flowing around it. Changes in thermal conductivity, such as when organic molecules displace some of the carrier gas, cause a temperature to rise in the element which is sensed as a change in resistance.
An FID consists of a hydrogen/air flame and a collector plate. The effluent from the GC column passes through the flame, which breaks down organic molecules and produces ions. The ions are collected on a biased electrode and produce an electric signal.
The AED simultaneously determines the atomic emissions of many of the elements in analytes that elute from the GC capillary column. As the eluants come off the capillary column they are fed into a microwave powered plasma (or discharge) cavity where the components are destroyed and their atoms are excited by the energy of the plasma. The light that is emitted by the excited particles is separated into individual lines via a photodiode array.
The ECD uses a radioactive Beta emitter (electrons) to ionize some of the carrier gas and produce a current between a biased pair of electrodes. When organic molecules contain electronegative functional groups, such as halogens, phosphorous, and nitro groups pass by the detector, they capture some of the electrons and reduce the current measured between the electrodes.
The PID uses ultraviolet light as a means of ionizing an analyte exiting from a GC column. The ions produced by this process are collected by electrodes. The current generated is therefore a measure of the analyte concentration.
This device uses the chemiluminescent reactions of phosphorous containing compounds in a hydrogen/air flame as a source of analytical information that is relatively specific for substances containing these atoms.
Chemiluminescence uses quantitative measurements of the optical emission from excited chemical species to determine analyte concentration. Usually the emission is measured from energized molecules rather than excited atoms. The bands of light determined by this technique emanate from molecular emissions and are therefore broader and more complex than bands originating from atomic spectra.
Compounds are burned in plasma surrounding a rubidium bead supplied with hydrogen and air. Nitrogen and phosphorous containing compounds produce ions that are attracted to the collector. The number of ions hitting the collector is measured and a signal is generated.
Argon discharge detector, discharge ionization detector, electrolytic conductivity detector, etc.
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The panel uses digital keypads or menus for programming.
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No integral display. Output is read and displayed remotely.
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Often called a transmitter. A current is imposed on the output circuit proportional to the measurement. Feedback is used to provide the appropriate current regardless of line noise, impedance, etc. Useful when sending signals over long distances.
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Gas chromatographs occasionally will have the functionality to accept liquid samples. In this case an instrument is needed to vaporize the sample before it is injected into the column.
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This is the full required range of ambient operating temperature.
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